Patiently Waiting
The Federal Reserve (Fed) once again held rates steady against a mixed backdrop of elevated inflation, a stabilizing labor market, and stable growth (for now). Amid rising geopolitical risk, time will tell how U.S. fundamentals are affected.
Key takeaways
- Inflation to stay sticky: While the underlying drivers may shift, inflation has been above target for close to half a decade. Volatility in inflation expectations matters more.
- Stay in the range: Markets are pricing no change to monetary policy, and we expect the belly of the curve to remain in a (wide) range.
- The dual mandate will bite: The labor market is showing signs of stabilization, but the structural forces at play still loom large in the background.
Federal funds rate stays at 3.50–3.75%
Today, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) announced it has kept interest rates unchanged, holding the federal funds rate at 3.50–3.75%. The FOMC continues to focus on a data-dependent approach. For now, it is looking through geopolitical risks and treating the energy price shock as “transitory” rather than a rolling series of pressures on consumers. Market consensus has priced nothing into the U.S. yield curve for the bulk of this year. Risks remain symmetric, with both future hikes and cuts possible depending on the balance of the Fed’s dual mandate and the policy philosophy of the future Fed leadership.
Growth in the U.S. disappointed in the fourth quarter, but forward-looking measures show the labor market and recent retail sales data point to slight reacceleration for the first quarter. We continue to expect U.S. growth to moderate from the lofty levels of 2025 as the impact of price shocks feeds through the economy and may slow down the artificial intelligence build-out that buoyed gross domestic product significantly last year. Consumer health remains weak, and the peak of fiscal easing has likely already been felt. Pending further measures, we expect more volatility ahead.
Inflation remains elevated
Core inflation (excluding food and energy) rose to 2.6% year over year in March based on the Fed’s preferred consumption-based inflation measure. This was broadly in line with expectations but shows that, even before the geopolitical escalation, it has been difficult to bring U.S. inflation back to target. With already-slowing growth and a pull forward in demand likely ahead, the inflation picture is coming more into focus. Unlike the past two years when higher-than-target inflation was offset by above-trend growth, absent further fiscal easing, it is difficult to see how this might continue to persist.
Historically, the Fed tended to view volatile energy prices and their impact on consumers as a short-lived tax, focusing instead on measures of core inflation. Overall inflation expectations have increased lately but remain well below 2022 levels. We believe it would take a longer period of elevated commodity prices to influence inflation expectations more meaningfully—and, crucially, this would need to be accompanied by higher growth expectations.
Duration is a measurement of the sensitivity of a bond’s price to changes in Treasury yields. A fund’s duration is the weighted average of duration of the bonds in the portfolio. Duration should be interpreted as the approximate change in a bond’s (or fund’s) price for a 100-basis-point change in Treasury yields. Duration is based on historical performance and does not represent future results.
This material is provided for informational purposes only and is intended for retail distribution in the United States.
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Frequently asked questions
- What is the FOMC, and why do its meetings matter to investors?
The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is the group within the Federal Reserve (Fed) that sets U.S. monetary policy. Its decisions influence interest rates, borrowing costs, inflation, and economic growth. For investors, these decisions often trigger price reactions across stocks, bonds, currencies, and commodities, sometimes immediately after announcements.
- What is the federal funds rate, and how does it affect me as an investor?
The federal funds rate is the interest rate banks charge each other for overnight loans. While retail investors don’t borrow at this rate directly, it influences mortgage rates, credit cards, savings yields, and business loans. Changes in the federal funds rate can affect corporate profits, stock valuations, and bond prices, making it a key input for investment decisions.
- How often does the FOMC meet, and when are rate decisions announced?
The FOMC typically meets eight times per year, about every six weeks. Interest rate decisions are announced at the conclusion of each meeting, along with a policy statement, a press conference (most meetings), and economic projections (certain meetings). Markets often react within minutes of each announcement.
- Why do markets sometimes fall even when the Fed does what investors “expected”?
Markets trade on expectations, not just decisions. Even if the Fed’s rate move is widely anticipated, stocks can still fall in price for a few reasons. First, the Fed’s language may sound more aggressive (hawkish) than expected. Second, future rate projections may be higher than what markets had priced in. Third, the chair’s press conference may signal increased concern about inflation or economic growth. In any of these cases, guidance about the future often matters more than the current rate change.
- How do interest rate hikes or cuts generally affect stocks and bonds?
Interest rate hikes tend to be a pressure on growth stocks, increase bond yields while lowering existing bond prices, and strengthen the U.S. dollar. Interest rate cuts tend to support stocks and risk assets, boost bond prices, and lower borrowing costs across the economy. The actual market impact depends on why the Fed is changing rates (e.g., inflation versus recession risk).
- Should long‑term investors change their strategy based on FOMC decisions?
For most long‑term retail investors, frequent trading around Fed meetings isn’t necessary. FOMC decisions can drive short‑term volatility, but long‑term returns are typically driven by earnings growth, valuations, and staying invested in the market. Many investors use Fed signals to rebalance risk, adjust bond duration, or reassess exposure to rate‑sensitive sectors rather than to make sweeping investment changes.
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